Thanks for all the advice.
I ended up using a thin strip of wood to scrape away as much as I could. The bottle brush has a narrow and fat end, and ended up working pretty well. And the acetone seemed to work okay.
I didn't try to get every last spect of dust from the case, but I did cleaner the variator components very thoroughly, with acetone, bottle brush, shop towels, and cotton swabs. I'm sure all the gunk must have been affecting the performance.
I didn't really want to spray anything else in there. I wasn't sure if it would leave anything behind (especially with the simple green, and I heard one report saying that brake cleaner leaves antisqueal stuff). Also carburetor cleaner is scary and burns and might find its way into the bearings.
I did try cleaning a slider with simple green, but it didn't seem to be working and I used melamine foam / magic erasers instead which worked. Simple green didn't seem to do anything for the stains in my sink either after attempting to wash my hands, but goo gone worked.
I don't have an air compressor, but that definitely would have helped. As it was, I probably should have used a respirator anyways, but didn't.
As for the spring, I dry brushed it but otherwise left it alone. I'm pretty sure it's rust though, not dust from the clutch pads.